I don't think it's Natsume Yuujinchou, I know a manga that have a story like you described but I'm not sure whether it's the right one or not, if you want to try and I see I'll give you the link here
https://www.mangago.zone/read-manga/koori_no_mamono_no_monogatari/mh/v03/c016/1/
I'm honestly not sure now. The chapter you linked to is very similar to what I remember, but the art and story is different from my recollection. I'm pretty sure I haven't read "Koori No Mamono No Monogatari" before, but a lot of this chapter matches what I can recall of the Natsume side story that I think I read before. The key difference being art style and the story surrounding the lake demon (as in, the one I recall was just a Natsume-looking girl meeting a lake yokai and gaining a name, with the yokai reflecting later about the encounter).
I think you are right, though. Even though my memory is different, this does hit all the right beats from what I recall. I'm not sure when I read it though.... Huh. I need to figure out when I could have confused these two. ╮( ̄▽ ̄)╭
Thank you so much for answering. I have been racking my brain over this for over a week and I really appreciate it.
Hey--I remember reading this chapter/special in Nastume Yuujinchou where a water or lake yokai/spirit/something gives one of Natsume's ancestors the family name of Natsume BUT I can't find it anywhere. I don't know if it was a fever dream, but I would really like to re-read it and even after skimming through all the chapters I can't find it. Does anyone know if it exists/what chapter it is? ╥﹏╥